Electric Power Distribution Handbook, T. A. Short

9. Short-Circuit Protection

Questions

  1. Will a 50-K fuse operate to clear most energized downed wires at 12.5 kV?

    1. Yes
    2. No

  2. Will a 25-K fuse operate to clear most energized downed wires at 12.5 kV?

    1. Yes
    2. No

  3. What is the most common fault impedance?

    1. 1 ohm
    2. 20 ohms
    3. 40 ohms
    4. 10,000 ohms

  4. What is the best value for worst-case fault impedance?

    1. 1 ohm
    2. 20 ohms
    3. 40 ohms
    4. 10,000 ohms

  5. Is cold-load pickup only an issue in the winter?

    1. Yes
    2. No

  6. Which of the following devices clear at a zero crossing of the current? Mark all that apply.

    1. Circuit breakers
    2. Reclosers
    3. Current-limiting fuses
    4. Expulsion fuses

  7. Which relay curve most naturally coordinates with K link fuses?

    1. Moderately inverse
    2. Very inverse
    3. Extremely inverse

  8. For a 100 K, tin fuse at 12.5 kV, what is the maximum clearing time for a current of 1000 A (pick the closest)?

    1. 300 sec
    2. 10 sec
    3. 1.0 sec
    4. 0.4 sec
    5. undefined

  9. For a 100 T, tin fuse at 25 kV, what is the maximum clearing time for a current of 1000 A (pick the closest)?

    1. 300 sec
    2. 10 sec
    3. 1.0 sec
    4. 0.4 sec
    5. undefined

  10. For a 100 K, tin fuse, what is the maximum clearing time for a current of 160 A? Pick the closest.

    1. 300 sec
    2. 10 sec
    3. 1.0 sec
    4. 0.1 sec
    5. undefined

  11. What determines the maximum fault magnitude that an expulsion fuse can clear?

    1. The fuse amperage rating
    2. Whether it is a dual-element or single-element fuse
    3. The fuse tube
    4. Preheating

  12. Which of the following fuses are acceptable on a 50-kVA transformer at 7.2 kV (L-N)? Mark all that apply.

    1. 20 K
    2. 12 K
    3. 10 K
    4. 8 K
    5. 12 T
    6. 10 T
    7. 8 T

  13. In a high lightning area, which of the following fuses is preferred on a 50-kVA transformer at 7.2 kV (L-N)?

    1. 20 K
    2. 12 K
    3. 10 K
    4. 8 K
    5. 12 T
    6. 10 T
    7. 8 T

  14. For a CLF transformer with an fuse, are current-limiting fuses advisable two miles from the substation on a 25-kV system?

    1. Yes
    2. No

  15. For an 80K tap fuse, at which of the following locations on a distribution feeder will the fast trip by the substation breaker coordinate to successfully save the fuse? Assume a six-cycle (0.1-sec) clearing time. Mark all that apply.

    1. 1.0 miles from the substation
    2. 2.0 miles from the substation
    3. 4.0 miles from the substation
    4. 8.0 miles from the substation

  16. At 12.5 kV, what’s the minimum delay time for reclosing to allow sufficient time for arcs to deionize?

    1. 12 cycles
    2. 30 cycles
    3. 60 cycles

  17. An expulsion fuse may clear in 0.25 cycles.

    1. True
    2. False

Problems

  1. Using a time-current plotting program (Milsoft Windmill, ), plot the burndown line for a 3/0 ACSR covered conductor (see chapter 2). Add the clearing curve for a 100 K fuse. Is the wire protected from burndown?

  2. Repeat for the following combinations:
    1. 3/0 ACSR covered, 200-A L recloser (C curve)
    2. 3/0 ACSR bare, 100 K fuse
    3. 3/0 ACSR bare, 200-A L recloser (C curve)
    4. #2 ACSR bare, WVE electronic recloser, minimum operating current = 560 A, curve = 138

  3. Consider the three candidate recloser locations in the figure below. Using Duke Power’s “Fundamental Law of Sectionalizing”, determine the following for each recloser location: the customer interruptions saved, the dollars per customer interruption saved, and the total value of each recloser.

    Sectionalizing figure

  4. Consider the looped circuit below with a manually operated tie switch. How many customers would need to be in section A to justify upgrading the tie point to an automated device? Assume the both circuits are mirrors of each other. Assume a fault rate of 0.2 faults/mi/yr.

    Sectionalizing figure

  5. You have a 2-mile, three-phase tap with 80 customers. Should you fuse it or use single-phase reclosers? Use Duke’s “Fundamental Law of Sectionalizing” and their default costs. Assume 0.2 permanent faults per mile and 0.4 temporary faults per mile annually. Assume fuse saving is not an option.

  6. Consider a 12.5-kV circuit protected by a Cooper WVE recloser with a minimum operating current of 560 A. Using each of the following methods, determine how many miles from the substation you need to put the next recloser. Assume one ohm per mile of line impedance and a one ohm substation impedance.

    1. Use 50% of the bolted fault current
    2. Assume fault impedance = 2 ohms
    3. Assume fault impedance = 20 ohms
    4. Assume fault impedance = 40 ohms

  7. Find the minimum size neutral reactor (in ohms) needed to ensure fuse saving coordination for the entire circuit for 100 T fuses for a 12.5-kV substation with a bolted fault current of 8 kA at the substation. Assume a six-cycle clearing time (0.1 sec).

  8. If a circuit with fuse saving averages 14 momentary interruptions per year, calculate many will there be if the circuit is switched to fuse blowing. Assume that 70% of the circuit exposure is downstream of fused taps.

  9. What phase and ground instantaneous pickup settings (GE IAC-77 relay) should you use to avoid instantaneous operations for trips downstream of a WVE hydraulic recloser 4 miles from the substation on a 12.5-kV circuit? Assume the circuit characteristics in Fig. 8.11 (10-kA phase and ground fault current at the substation, Z1 = 0.207 + j0.628 ohms/mi, Z0 = 0.72 + j1.849 ohms/mi).

Projects

  1. Make a spreadsheet or other tool to evaluate fuse saving and fuse blowing.


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To the extent possible under law, Tom Short has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to these study questions. This work is published from the United States. Please use this material however you want.